India s High Oil Spill And Its Impact On Human Health Essay

2 Literature Review Lee Barber, Geeva Varghese, Designing capability for offshore response- a consultant perspective, SPE SPE-158005-PP, 2012 India’s lack in capability to attend to Tier-I oil spill has been discussed in this paper. Recommendations and the way forward for India’s readiness to face oil spill disasters has been mentioned. Dr. B. N Desai, Dr. L. U. Joshi, Dr. S.P. Fondekar. Bombay High oil spill and its impact, National Institute of Oceanography, 1993. An oil spill disaster which happened on 17 May 1993, north of Bombay shore has been discussed in detail in this paper. Study was also conducted to study the aftereffects of oil spill in Mumbai region. Aguilera, F., Mà ©ndez, J., Pà ¡saro, E., and Laffon, B. Review on the effects of exposure to spilled oils on human health. Journal of Applied Toxicology 10.1002/jat.1521, 2010. Dangers caused by oil spill on human beings as well as flora and fauna has been discussed in detail in this paper. Also throwing some light on how to use protective gears to avoid contact with oil slick has been dealt in detail. Government websites for Indian fisheries as well as tourism was looked upon for retrieving data sans statistics for analysis purpose. 3 Objectives 3.1 Purpose of the Study Is India capable of handling man-made environmental disasters such as Marine oil Spill? Scope:- By addressing the issues involved in a marine oil spill on Indian coastal waters, it would help in analyzing the economic and environmentalShow MoreRelatedDeepwater Horizon Oil Spill : A Human Rights Issue3290 Words   |  14 Pages2015 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: A Human Rights Issue In April 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded, polluting the Gulf of Mexico with 4.9 million barrels of oil (EPA, 2015). This disaster is known as the BP oil spill, and is regarded as one of the worst environmental catastrophes in American history. 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A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Vocabulary Terms

Betty Smiths first novel,  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, tells the coming-of-age story of Francie Nolan and her second-generation immigrant parents struggling to provide for their family. Its widely believed Smith herself was the basis for the character of Francie. Heres a vocabulary list from A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. Use these terms for reference, study, and discussion. Chapters I-VI: tenement: an apartment building, usually in a low-income area, that is without luxury amenities ragamuffin: a child whose appearance is unkempt and uncivilized cambric: a finely woven white linen interminable: long and dull with little sign of ending (or terminating) premonition: a warning or feeling about something that will happen in the future (usually negative) vestibule: a reception area or foyer, often in a school or church Chapters VII-XIV: fetching: attractive or pretty, beguiling peculiar: unusual or suprising, out of the ordinary bucolic: of or in the countryside, literally a shepherd or cowhand sprig small shoot or twig of a plant, usually decorative or garnish filigree: a delicate ornamentation or detail usually gold or silver, on jewelry banshee: from Irish folklore,  a female spirit whose high-pitched wailing signals an imminent death (on the) dole: unemployed and receiving benefits from the government. Chapters XV-XXIII: prodigious: impressively large, awesome languorous: without energy or liveliness, sluggish gallantly  do something in a brave or heroic way dubious: having doubt or uncertainty, skeptical horde: a large unruly crowd saunter  to walk at a leisurely pace relegate: to demote or assign to a lower category Chapters XXIV-XXIX: gratis: free, without cost contempt:  disrespectful dislike conjecture: opinion based on incomplete information, speculation surreptitious: secretive, sneaky vivacious: animated, lively, happy-go-lucky thwarted: prevented from accomplishing something, disappointed sodden: drenched, thoroughly soaked Chapters XXX-XXXVII:   lulled: calmed, settled down putrid: decaying with a foul odor   debonair: sophisticated, charming lament: to mourn, or feel sad about a loss fastidious: having exacting attention to detail Chapters XXXIII-XLII: contrite: apologetic, feeling sincere regret for a misdeed contorted: twisted or misshapen infinitesimal: so small as to be irrelevant or unmeasurable Chapters XLIII-XLVI:   contemptuously: disrespectfully, disdainfully poignant: creating or evoking a feeling of sadness or empathy genuflect: to kneel and show deference or reverence especially in a house of worship vestment: garment worn by a member of clergy or religious order Chapters XLVII-LIII: vaudeville: variety show with comedic and slapstick performances rhetorically: speaking in a theoretical or speculative manner, not literally mollify: to pacify or appease matriculate: to enroll and pass through a school or course of study munitions: collection of weapons Chapters LV-LVI: prohibition: forbidding, or, period in American history when alcohol was illegal. jauntily: cheerful and arrogant, lively sachet: small perfumed bag This vocabulary list is just one part of our study guide on A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. Please see the links below for other helpful resources: Review: A Tree Grows in BrooklynQuotes from A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

In the Heart of the Sea Free Essays

Nicole Hart HIST 2300- Christopher Trobridge Writing Assignment One October 16, 2010 â€Å"In the Heart of the Sea: The Tragedy of the Whale ship Essex† In order to understand the ramifications of an event such as the sinking of the Essex one needs too understand the community that produces the crew. Nantucket was an island community much more than the literal sense of word. The islanders of Nantucket saw themselves differently than the rest of the word. We will write a custom essay sample on In the Heart of the Sea or any similar topic only for you Order Now They learned the skills of whaling from the original Wampanoag tribe. They were Quakers with a stoic sense of standards and community. The whale men from Nantucket saw themselves as superior to most other sailors of that time period. Hardship and perseverance were virtues held by the whale men and the women. The women ran the town while the whale men were at sea for years at a time. This type of work ethic and fortitude, and the worlds desire for oil, combined to make â€Å"the village of Nantucket one of the richest towns in America. † â€Å"In the Heart of the Sea† It also created a close-knit community with a few very successful and influential families that married with each other maintaining a strong central hierarchy. The sinking of the Essex directly affected the community of Nantucket but it was also far reaching to the rest of the country. America was growing as a Nation and its consumption of oil was expanding. The events of the Essex were not only interesting to sailors of the world but also to the mainlanders that consumed the oil. America in the eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century were considered â€Å"†¦a consumer revolution. † â€Å"Of the People† No one knew this fact better than the owners of the whale ships. They understood that whale oil was a commodity to be sold. In order to harvest it at a profit they had to balance their expenses. Every mate on a whale ship received a fraction of the profit that the whale ship would return with the oil it found. The more responsibility a sailor had on a whale ship, the larger his cut. Every expense, food, gear, clothing, water had to be factored in of doing business. For example the captain received the largest share, due to him having the most responsibility, while Thomas Nickerson’s share was the experience he received at a young age on a whale ship plus the room and board that he would receive for two to three years. A situation that occurred early in their journey was a foreboding of things to come. Weeks into there journey the Essex experienced a â€Å"Knockdown†, a knockdown is a severe weather event that led to damage of the Essex. Captain Pollard was slow to respond to the weather issue at hand. The result was damage to half of their whaleboats that they used to harpoon whales. After the damage was done Pollard felt it would be best to return to Nantucket to replenish the ship with a new compliment of whaleboats. First mate Owen Chase convinced the Captain to proceed on with the whale boats they had with hope of getting more whaleboats of the coast of Africa. This dynamic exposed the type of sailor Captain Pollard was and the type of sailor first mate Chase was. Captain Pollard was proving to be â€Å"a Captain that had the skills of a first mate and first mate Owen was showing to have the skills of a Captain. † â€Å"In the Heart of the Sea. † These two personalities would continue to show themselves later in there journey after the Essex had sunk. When the Essex was rammed and destroyed by the sperm whale, the crews Nantucket heritage served them well. The officers of the Essex were able to maintain order and stifle any panic by the crewmen. They devised a strategy that first mate Chase had championed. Once again Captain Pollard’s initial plan was shelved for fist mate Chase’s plan. The remaining twenty-crew members of the Essex were split into three twenty-five foot whaling boats. Captain Pollard, First mate Chase, and Second officer Hendrix were in charge of the three boats. Even in this situation, a strong sense of the Nantucket community was resident in the division of each boat. The majority of the Nantucketers ended up in Captain Pollards boat. A few of the remaining Nantucketers ended up in First mate Chase’s boat and the majority of African American sailors ended up in second mate Hendrix’s boat. First mate Owen Chase proved to be a relentless advocate for hope. Thomas Nickerson saw another side of First mate Chase when their journey first began by seeing how curt Chase was to the crew. On the island of Nantucket Owen Chase was a gentlemen but at sea Chase took a role of being very demanding and wanting things done correctly. After the sinking of the Essex the crewmembers were struggling with the situation they were in and Chase changed his method of handling of the crew. When Chase saw the crew was losing spirit he showed a more â€Å"maternal† side. This change in attitude was critical in the survival of the crewmembers that made it. The events that led to the cannibalism of crewmembers of the Essex were presented differently to Captain Pollard’s boat and first mate Chase’s boat. Captain Pollards and Hendrix boat became separated from Chases boat. The African American crewmembers having a low body fat content and a mineral deficient diet became prone to death before the Nantucket crewmembers. As the African American crewmembers died the living crewmembers consumed them. When there only living crew members left on Pollards boat they resorted to drawing lots to see who would give up their life as food and who would kill that sailor. On first mate Chase’s boat one of the sailors passes and the elect to consume his body. It appears that cannibalism was a common event that occurred in these situations. To this day human beings get presented with this dilemma, such as the plane crash in the Andes. As for me I would rather chose death than the consuming of my mates. Spending months at a time with these men I would feel as though I was eating a family member and would rather wait for death than eat a fellow mate. Although I would have the pressure of supporting my family and wanting to return home, eating a human being I believe would be a lot easier said then done. In the grief that Captain Pollard experienced having to eat his nephew then facing his Aunt would be something I don’t think I could endure or ever live with. For Nantucket and the men involved in whale hunting it is more than just a hunt. It was a way of life, a way of survival, and the entire focus of a town. This novel contained more than just the story of the ramming of the Essex, it was more of a story of the hardships faced, the dedication that comes with the job of whaling, and the raw emotions of the men involved. This novel proved the importance of whaling in that time period to not only Nantucket but to the entire Nation, and how it foreshadowed how our economy would be today. Lastly to end with the mission of the Nantucket Quakers â€Å"†¦to maintain a peaceful life on land while raising bloody havoc at sea. † This was their life, their survival and it now is their history. Works Cited James Oakes, Michael Mcgerr, Jan Ellen Lewis, Nick Cullather, Jeanne Boydston. â€Å"Of the People: A history of the United States. † New York: Oxford University Press. Nathaniel Philbrick. â€Å"In the heart of the sea:The tradgedy of the Whaleship Essex† New York: Penguin Books, 2000. How to cite In the Heart of the Sea, Papers

Construction Management Accident Analysis & Prevention

Question: Discuss about theConstruction Managementfor Accident Analysis Prevention. Answer: Introduction: As stated by Akintola et al. (2016), there are risks associated with every workplace. In some cases, the outcome of an incident is relatively lower than the other. However, any kind of industrial accidents create personal grievances and results in huge distress and negativity among the workers at the workplace. In fact, carelessness towards health and safety might also result in loss of money of that the organization has to pay in order to compensate the loss. Therefore, as commented by Pink, Lingard and Harley (2016), health care and safety measurements should fall under utter priority of the organizations important stakeholders like managers or leaders of the employees. The aim of the report is to evaluate the specific function and duties of managers, that includes strategic as well as operational managers, to take care of the safety measurements at the workplace. The report focuses on the duties of managers in the construction industry and the duty of a leader to perform safety leadership. Safety leadership has been defined as the process of interaction between the leader and employees at the workplace. The leader has the responsibility of setting safety goals for the employees or the followers. As commented by Hardison et al. (2014), in framing such safety goals the responsibility of the leader and management often gets interchanged. In case of construction industry, these goals proved to be of utter importance to be followed at the specific workplace. Literature Review: Construction sector has been recognized as one of the leading sector that is prone to accidents. With the continuous development and regeneration process of the urban centers, construction sector has become a norm that has fueled the creation of accidents. The global construction industry has been noted as the most hazardous sector that results in the death of at least 60, 000 workers in a year (Zhu et al. 2016). Hughes and Ferrett (2015) claimed that the increasing accidents at the construction sites have increased the fear of death than mere accidents. Statistical reports have also showed that the rate of death and accidents are becoming unacceptably high and requires immediate attention to address the situation. Reading, it has been identified that there are a number of strategies that are the basic keys to plan the health and safety for the employees or workers working at the construction sites. These are: To employ safe system at the work place and mitigate every personal health and safety issues. To inform the workers about the site prior starting construction work; during the induction. To look into effective communication with each worker on-site (Sherratt, Farrell and Noble 2013) Depending upon necessity, to draft and implement valid designs and layout on-site To appoint an on-site traffic coordinator to take care of the complete construction procedure. Function of the managers at the construction sites includes the following: Management of the construction sector is responsible for the overall planning, coordination as well as the control of the project, right from the start of the project till its completion. Understanding the requirement of the clients and produce a functional and viable project also falls under the responsibilities of the managers (Zhang et al. 2013). The major functions and responsibilities of the managers are: Framing a specific project objective and outline by deciding the budget, schedule, performance requirements and delineation of scope and selecting the project participants as well. Procuring the labor, materials, equipment and maximizing the resources to increase the productive of the complete process (Choudhry 2014). Planning the entire construction process and designing step by step operation with proper coordination and control along with a right estimated budget is one of the major duties of the manager at the construction site. Again, developing a perfect communication plan to resolve any kind of dispute that might take place among the workers at the construction site (Patel and Sharma 2016). Supervisors are group of individuals who are responsible for looking into the different activities and operations related to construction. A supervisor is next to the line manager and they are important for implementing effective tools and practices to ensure good flow of work (Goetsch 2013). The responsibilities of the on-site supervisor at construction sites can be stated as follows: The primary responsibility of the supervisor is to involve in the supervision of the general contractors, subcontractors and the other community partners (Siddula et al. 2016). The Supervisor is responsible for knowing the exact work to be done and what resources are to be applied in order to accomplish the work. Supervisor is also responsible for setting the right guidelines and directives to make the program right in order to achieve the goals and objectives of the program. Meeting the operational standard by assuring proper construction plan, customer service quality as well as by monitoring the budget of the complete project are important functions of the supervisor (Jaselskis et al. 2014). In case of meeting the demands of the safety and security of the workers at the construction site, the supervisor is responsible for taking care of them. Analysis: A comparison between the manager and the supervisor of a construction industry can be drawn here: Basis of comparison Supervisor Manager Definition The person responsible for keeping a record of the overall activities of the employees and the workers and regulates their performance as well is known as a supervisor (Xiaolong et al. 2012). The person responsible for the managing the resources of the organization to achieve the ultimate goals and objectives of the organization are the manager. Position at the management level A supervisor is responsible for the lower level of management. Managers are at a higher level than the supervisors and they represent the middle level of the management (Shin et al. 2014). Responsibility of reporting to The supervisor is supposed to report the complete activities to the manager at the next level. The manager directly reports to the people at higher authority, that is, to the Board of Directors. Responsibility of work The main job of the supervisor is to supervise people at work. As commented by Li and Poon (2013), the managers duty includes looking after the 5 Ms of the organization. They are: men, money, material, method and machinery. Fundamental rights A supervisor does not hold the right of hiring or firing an employee of his team but can recommend people and report to the higher authority (Park and Kim 2013). The manager on the other hand, holds the right of recruiting or firing a worker depending on the ability or performance of the person. General function A supervisor can propose ideas or plans to the higher authority to make operations smooth. A manager also encourages and supports the employees and the workers at the workplace. From the above table, it has been understood that a supervisor is the one who looks into the complete activities of the employees at the work site whereas the manager is mainly responsible for the looking at the appropriate use of the resources and to increase the productivity of work as much as possible. If the leadership quality of the supervisor or the manager at the construction site is consider, it has to be said that they have to perform good leadership to manage the people at work. For any construction work, a large number of people are required for successful work. To manage the same group of people, a leader or a manager is evident. At the same time, the safety of the employees also falls under the responsibility of these managers (Shin et al. 2014). Therefore, leadership does not account for checking the work process but also to take care of the health and safety of the workers at the work environment. Accidents and occupational health problems have been common traits in major industries but in case of the construction industry, these incidents are fatal (Siddula et al. 2016). It has been found that although there have been considerable development in terms of technology that has ensured the safety of the workers and employees working in critical situations but the death toll has been found to increase (Zhang et al. 2013). Construction sites also results in causing major health hazards that also has a long time effect on the victim. With the modernization and development of the urban and inner cities, construction sector has been gaining importance in the recent time. The construction industry contributes 5.1% to the GDP of the country (Zhang et al. 2013). However, due to long term impact of the health hazards and fatal injuries in the workplace, the industry is getting bad reputation. Guarding safety precautions and legal safety has become vital for the construction sector. Every construction site must be equipped with most efficient safety precautionary resources to keep the employees as well as the worker safe from the hazardous operational activities. Recommendations: With the analysis of various situations and the responsibilities played by the leaders in the construction industry, it has been understood that the lives of the employees and workers are not safe at the place of their duty. It falls under the responsibilities of the supervisors and the leaders to take care of the people. In this respect, a number of recommendations can be made that shall improve the safety condition of workers. The stakeholders of the construction firm should be responsible for taking care of the safety and the health of the employees at the construction site. The supervisors and managers should focus on the programs related to the construction effectively by following the regulations and the fundamental laws and duties of the construction industry (Siddula et al. 2016). If required, a construction designer should be appointed to take care of the safety and health related issues by developing a plan and safety measurements. It is important to evaluate the risks and hazards and decide on the mere factors that result certain fatal incidents or accidents. Another important thing that should remain under the prime responsibility of the supervisor is to monitor the place and keep reviewing the areas of operation to check safety of the place nad ensure a safe environment for the workers at work. Communication holds great importance at the time of risk. The employee faced with any kind of difficulty or risk should have the facility of communicating with other supervisors and manager at the work site. With the recommendations stated above, it can be said that if these approaches are made at the construction site, the situation might get better and the fatal accidents that take place at the construction sites might get reduced. Conclusion: A detailed analysis has been made on the duties and responsibilities of the managers and the supervisors responsible for the construction activities. It has been observed that there lies a great risk of life and accident in the construction industry as compared to any other industry. There have been considerable advancement in the work done at the construction sites but the risk of life has also been increasing. There are clear evidences of increasing construction of high rise buildings and sky scrapers and other construction marvels that have questioned the construction capabilities of human. At the same time, the leadership approach of the managers and the supervisors have also been changed. Rather than focusing only on the business activities, focusing on the safety and security of the employees and the workers has also become a prime responsibility of these persons. It can be said that with the increasing need of the human kind, there is no chance of reducing the construction activities but there will be continuous increase of construction of buildings, monuments and other such places. These activities are also responsible for increasing accidents and death toll but human lives cannot be considered to be less important and has to be valued. Therefore, it should be the prime responsibility of the leaders and the supervisors to think of better ways to secure the lives of people at the construction sites. References: Akintola, A., Barlow, J., Cooke, E., Fynn, W., Hansen, H., Heim, M., Jackson, R., Mennes, S., Pendrey, D., Perkins, B. and Popat, N., 2016, April. Construction Site Safety Standardisation. InSPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Security, Environment, and Social Responsibility. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Choudhry, R.M., 2014. Behavior-based safety on construction sites: A case study.Accident Analysis Prevention,70, pp.14-23. Goetsch, D.L., 2013.Construction safety and health. NJ: Pearson. Hardison, D., Behm, M., Hallowell, M.R. and Fonooni, H., 2014. Identifying construction supervisor competencies for effective site safety.Safety science,65, pp.45-53. Hughes, P. and Ferrett, E., 2015.Introduction to Health and Safety in Construction: For the NEBOSH National Certificate in Construction Health and Safety. Routledge Jaselskis, E.J., Behm, M., Stimpson, M. and Nelson, C., 2014. Virtual construction site safety monitoring (V-SAM).Achieving Sustainable Construction Health and Safety. Li, R.Y.M. and Poon, S.W., 2013. A Literature Review on the Causes of Construction Accidents. InConstruction Safety(pp. 1-11). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Park, C.S. and Kim, H.J., 2013. A framework for construction safety management and visualization system.Automation in Construction,33, pp.95-103. Patel, J.K. and Sharma, N.Y.N., 2016. Construction Safety Criteria Framework for Surat City. Pink, S., Lingard, H. and Harley, J., 2016. Digital pedagogy for safety: the construction site as a collaborative learning environment.Video Journal of Education and Pedagogy,1(1), p.5. Sherratt, F., Farrell, P. and Noble, R., 2013. UK construction site safety: discourses of enforcement and engagement.Construction Management and Economics,31(6), pp.623-635. Shin, S.S., Bae, Y.B., Ha, H.B. and Kang, K.S., 2014. Crash of a small construction site accident analysis and Risk Assessment Study-Focusing on project value of less than 20 billion small construction sites.Journal of the Korea Safety Management and Science,16(4), pp.41-51. Siddula, M., Dai, F., Ye, Y. and Fan, J., 2016. Classifying construction site photos for roof detection: a machine-learning method towards automated measurement of safety performance on roof sites.Construction Innovation,16(3). Xiaolong, X.U.E., Ning, S.H.I., Xiang, C.H.E.N., Wang, C., Zhao, Q. and Luo, Y., 2012. A Framework for Real-Time Monitoring and Early Warning to Scaffold Safety at Construction Site.Journal of Convergence Information Technology,7(19). Zhang, S., Teizer, J., Lee, J.K., Eastman, C.M. and Venugopal, M., 2013. Building information modeling (BIM) and safety: Automatic safety checking of construction models and schedules.Automation in Construction,29, pp.183-195. Zhu, Z., Park, M.W., Koch, C., Soltani, M., Hammad, A. and Davari, K., 2016. Predicting movements of onsite workers and mobile equipment for enhancing construction site safety.Automation in Construction,68, pp.95-101.